1. Quantum Electrodynamics

   Nucleus
   Hadrons		Leptons
   Baryons	Mesons
   Protons Neutrons Other, short- lived particles	Pions Kaons Other, short- lived particles	Tau Muon Electron	Tau neutrino Muon neutrino Electron neutrino

   Elementary particles: Leptons and quarks (some baryons and mesons)

2. Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)
   Quarks
   1. There are six flavors of quarks
      

      Name:	Down	Up	Strange	Charm	Bottom	Top
      Abbr:	d	u	s	c	b	t
      Charge:	-		-		-

      
      Each quark also contains an anti-quark (contains opposite sign)

      down and up quarks: normal everyday matter.

      strange and charm: produced in particle accelerators.

      bottom and top: early part of the big bang, high energy collisions (*Read stellar Nucleosynthesis on page 1005)

      Baryons: three flavors (eg uds) this will produce 0 charge.

      Mesons: quark and anti-quark

   2. For each flavor there are colors of quarks
      purple red green

      Color is the interaction that holds the flavors together, will determine the mass of the proton or neutron. The general name for the three colors is called a gluon (Strong Force).
      The top quark is very massive: not created at an existing accelerator because energy is too high.

3. Binding Energy
   The energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component nucleons. (Weak force disintegration and transmutation) The binding energy will determine nuclear energy (*see page 997 fig 21.2)

   The general ration of protons to neutrons can be summarized as:
   Large nucleus (>Ca) 1.5 neutrons : 1 proton
   Small nucleus 1 neutron : 1 proton

   Four Types of Nuclear decay

   1. Beta Decay
   2. Positron Decay
   3. K-Capture
   4. Alpha Decay

   Alpha Decay
   ²³⁸₉₂U ⁴₂He + ²³⁴₉₀Th

   Decay: Beta Emission (Beta-minus)
   ²²⁸₈₈Ra ⁰_-1e + ²²⁸₈₉Ac

   

   Decay: Positron Emission
   ⁹³₄₄Ru ⁰₁e + ⁹³₄₃Tc

   

   K-Capture (capture beta-minus)
   ⁸³₃₇Rb + ⁰_-1e ⁸³₃₆Kr + X-ray

   + X-ray

*All page references are from Chemistry Third Edition by Steven S. Zumdahl.

This page was made by Erik Epp.